2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Review: Reliable, Nimble, and One of the Best Deals on the Used Car Market

Gilbert Smith
Jan 4, 2023

The 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier was a comfortable, dependable, fuel-efficient American-made compact when it came out, and that’s exactly what it is today, with some drivers reporting 300,000 miles on the original transmission.

Front angle view.
likeFilled The Good
Twenty years later the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier is still one of the most efficient American-made cars on the road. Dependable, comfortable, and fairly spacious by compact car standards.
dislikeFilled The Bad
Cargo space is limited, tall drivers might find the ceiling to be a bit low, and, though adequate for 2003, onboard tech is well out of date by now.

Is the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier a Good Used Car?

  • Overall Rating 8/10 – Simply a great car at a great price. If you’re in the market for a used compact this is one of the best options available to you.
  • Interior, Comfort & Cargo 7/10 – The Cavalier is a comfy ride with dependable suspension, but it’s still a compact. If you’re especially tall or wide at the shoulder, you may feel a bit of a pinch. Likewise, trunk space is fine for overnights and short road trips, but forget hauling furniture.
  • Reliability 9/10 – If you find one with 150,000 miles on the odometer, don’t be surprised if you put another 100,000 on it.
  • Safety 7/10 – The 2003 Cavalier is a safe car, but it’s two decades old. So the onboard tech is outdated.
  • Gas Mileage 8/10 – At 26/33 miles to the gallon, city/highway, this is one of the most fuel-efficient vehicles of 2003.
  • Value 9/10 – With pricing starting as low as $1,429, this is one of the best deals on the market today.

Positive Owner Reviews

accountCircle Maryellen H
How well the car drives and minimal maintenance needed to keep the car operational.
It drives well. No major issues and cheap on gas. Lasted me many years.
accountCircle Candy M
Great dependable car. Would recommend this car to most people
I love my car. Chevy is the go to makers. This car has always been reliable for short distances and long scenic drives. The only problem I have with my car is this paint job. When the gloss was put on it was bubbling 2 years after it was released. Not sure but shortly after the paint started to come off.
accountCircle Samantha L
She gets good gas mileage, is sporty, and has a lot of trunk space.
It's been a very reliable vehicle, and is wearing well. My only complaint is lack of head room, and tiny cup holders that nothing fits in.
accountCircle Heather O
It's versatile, well built, runs good, & stands with time.
I love that it's blue. I love that it's sturdy and well built. I love the versatility of it.
accountCircle Tammy H
The car runs good. The body is rusting a little bit. The gas mileage is good.
It is a good running car and gets good gas mileage.
accountCircle J W
Only issue is the dashboard.
The only issue I am having with my car is the dash is literally cracked and broken in several places. I am told that the year the car was made they had problems with the dashboards. Otherwise it is mechanically sound and has over 230k on it. Gets great gas mileage. I do not know why they still are not making them. Maybe because they were such good cars that they weren't making enough on repairs and trade ins.
accountCircle May S
The Ford taurus is very dependable.
It is a very reliable car. It is very easy to drive. It gets good gas mileage. It is very to park. It has just the features I want.
accountCircle Debbie J
It's old it is a beater but I love the car
I like it a lot but it is very small not a whole lot of room for everything

Negative Owner Reviews

accountCircle Karen B
That it still gets good gas mileage I haven't had to put much extra maintenance.
The seats are uncomfortable. The knob for the ac/heater has broken off. The gas pump sensor is broken. The tailpipe rattles. It is no longer worth the money to put into it.
accountCircle Danielle C
The car is important itself.
Only two doors. Not enough trunk space. Also has mechanical issues including no driver window and a cracked windshield.
accountCircle Katie H
Heated seats in the winter
It's run down, grey leather seats that are too hot. My side door won't open at all the cable has been cut in half. The air conditioning fan or motor won't stay on. You have to bang it underneath the passenger floorboard. The hood got slammed shut too. Wouldn't open for a couple months.
accountCircle Britney K
I don't like driving this car a lot. I would like a cuter car.
My check engine light is always on. It's not good looking on appearance. Has great speed and gas mileage.
accountCircle Leanne F
It is good on gas and it is really roomy. It's also easy to drive.
My car is just dated. The dashboard is all cracked and the speakers are going bad.
accountCircle Kristin H
It'll get you from point A to point B.
Just normal wear and tear from age. Brakes are loud when you first get going than they seem to get quieter, but they grab pretty well. The glove compartment can't shut. The inside body has cracks in the dashboard. Shocks need replaced. The oxygen converter should also be replaced.
accountCircle Timothy E
The car is small but reliable, not recommended for someone over 6 foot.
It is too small because I am 6-5. It is a reliable car though.
accountCircle Alex M
03 chevy cav good car for the price
Good strong car may be on the older side but still running like a top no rust problems or electronic problems just an all around good car for a low price

What Do Critics Say About the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier?

Edmunds praised the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier’s torque engine, low price, and optional satellite radio, but felt that the car was overall outdated in its design with poor build quality.

Kelley Blue Book users have found the car to be remarkably reliable, with one driver reporting that it went right past 300,000 miles before finally giving up the ghost. But, nobody seems to like the materials used in the interior.

AutoBlog reports that the overall ride of the Cavaliar has been improved over the 2002 model, with less road vibration, even on rough roads, and tighter handling.

What Common Problems Does the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Have?

The leading cause for complaint in the 2003 Cavalier: Fuel pump failure. There are 343 complaints on file at present with the same story being reported again and again. The car loses power or fails to start as it’s not getting any fuel from the tank into the combustion system.

A common electrical issue sees drivers reporting hangups with the instrument cluster. Wrong readings, dials not returning to their starting positions, etc. There are more than 100 complaints on file with the NHTSA but no recalls as yet.

Powertrain complaints are scarce for a twenty year old car, with only 17 reports on file. But, when it does start to go, early signs of transmission failure usually include rough shifting and failure to go into gear.

The 2003 Cavalier has its share of problems, like any car, but with just 2 recalls on file with the NHTSA and 704 complaints, you don’t have too much to worry about beyond normal wear and tear.

How Long Will the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Last?

There are reports of 2003 Cavaliers topping 300,000 miles with the original powertrain and engine. One mechanic at Car Gurus even claims to have worked on an engine with 440,000 miles on it. But, as you can’t vouch for the previous owner’s maintenance habits, expect a lifespan of around 250,000 miles.

RepairPal point to ABS control module replacements as the most expensive common repair for the 2003 Cavalier, starting at around $1,004.

accountCircle Isabella H

It has been very reliable in years other than routine maintenance, I've spent $100 to replace the reservoir tank.

accountCircle Chenille G

For as old as she is she’s very reliable. Interior is a little run down. She takes me everywhere anytime

How Is the Technology?

Entertainment technology is pretty good for a car from 2003, with the LS model coming equipped with a premium six speaker sound system, including rear woofers, and CD player.

Safety technology is, likewise, pretty good for 2003. Four-wheel anti-lock brakes, full airbags in the front, and daytime running lamps.

Is the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier a Good Value?

The Cavalier is definitely a good value. A Base model Cavalier in decent condition starts out at around $1,429 on the low end, with a typical listing price of around $2,993. An LS can go up to around $3,305.

These prices come from models with around 150,000 miles on them. A well-maintained Cavalier can double that number. There’s no way to be sure the previous owner was getting their transmission fluid changed on time, but if you can get your hands on someone’s Sunday driver, this is one of the best deals available today.

What are the Different Models of the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier?

The 2003 Cavalier has just three trim levels, being the entry-level Base, the high-end LS, and the LS Sport.

The entry-level Base includes:

  • AM/FM stereo
  • PASSLock theft deterrent
  • Manual air conditioning
  • Cloth bucket seats in the front and 60/40 split bench in the back

The upgraded LS adds:

  • 15″ steel wheels
  • Power windows
  • Keyfob and remote keyless entry
  • Premium cloth seating
  • CD player with 6 speakers

The LS Sport is a sportier version of the LS, adding:

  • 16″ aluminum wheels
  • Front fog lights
car
car
car
LS Sport
140 HP 29-30 MPG

What Engines Come In the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier?

  • Whatever your options, whatever your trim level, the 2003 Cavalier comes packed with a 16 valve 2.2L DOHC engine delivering 140 horsepower and 150 lb.-ft. of torque. This comes paired with 4-speed automatic transmission and is configured in front wheel drive.

What Colors Does the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Come In?

How Comfortable Is the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier?

Drivers report that the 2003 Cavalier is comfortable enough to keep long road trips from feeling like an endurance test. You’ve got about fifty inches of hip room in the back row, which means that you can comfortably seat five average-size adults, or four if your friends need a little extra elbow room.

The real concern when a car gets to be this old is saggy suspension. With only 23 suspension complaints on file with the NHTSA, we can safely say that most 2003 Cavaliers still have plenty of spring in their step. But see how it performs on corners and rocky roads when you do the test drive.

How Much Storage Space Does the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Have?

Trunk space is adequate, if unimpressive, maxing out at 13.6 cubic feet, or about three suitcases. If you’re tailgating or barbecuing, call it one big cooler and a small charcoal grill.

Interior storage space is, likewise, adequate. There are enough spots for your phones, notebooks, and drinks, with two cupholders up front, two in the back, and a fifth in the LS trim. If you like to put your coffee in one and your water in the other, your passenger’s just gonna have to hold their soda on their lap.

Centered wide dash shot

What Are the Differences Between Years?

The 2003 Cavalier was part of the 3rd Generation launched with the 1995 model and retired a decade later with the 2005 edition, when the nameplate went on hiatus until the 2016 model year.

1995: The 3rd Gen Cavalier launched with a 2.2L MFI L4 engine and three trim levels, being the Base, LS, and Z24 with a 2.3L Quad 4 under the hood.

1996: The Z24 dropped the 2.3L Quad for a 2.4L twin-cam in 1996.

1997: The Cavalier was Chevy’s best selling car for 1997, with changes including new color options inside and out.

1998: Chevrolet dropped the LS convertible for 1998, offering a Z24 droptop instead.

1999: Visual redesigns for 1999 included a new body-colored grille, some new color options, and revised badges.

2000: Bigger headlights, a modernized grille design, and five-spoke hubcaps ushered the Cavalier into the new millennium.

2001: Chevy dropped the convertible model entirely in 2001, owing to sagging sales.

2002: CD players were added to the LS and Z24 models.

2003: New fascias, headlights, taillights, and body colored mirrors and handles gave the Cavalier a sleeker appearance.

2004: The Chevy emblem was redesigned in 2004, replacing the silver crossbar with a gold bowtie.

2005: There were no major changes to the Cavalier for 2005. By this point Chevy was already in the process of wheeling out the car’s replacement, the Cobalt.

How Does the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier Compare to the Competition?

The Honda Civic is the first thing you’re likely to use for comparison. The clearest difference between the two may be that the Cavalier is a little more powerful, at 140 horsepower to the Civic’s 115, but the Civic is more efficient, at 32/38 mpg city/highway to the Cavalier’s 26/33.

If you’re only comparing it to other American compacts, differences in both performance and fuel economy with the Ford Focus are pretty marginal, both are pretty reliable, pricing is comparable, but, based on anecdotal evidence, the Cavalier is more likely to make it to 300,000 miles, so do with that what you will.

It may simply come down to preference here. 2003 was a great year for reliable compact cars, and there are plenty of Cavaliers, Civics, Focuses, and Elantras still on the road today.

Ranks #17 Small Cars by Owners

1
car
4.5
2
car
4.35
17
Tie
car
3.81

Do Owners Recommend the 2003 Chevrolet Cavalier?

accountCircle Rosa F

It has been a awesome vehicle. I get super gas mileage, a smooth drive and its very low maintenance! I would recommend this vehicle to anyone who wants to invest in something that will last.

accountCircle Kim H

Yes, she runs good, ac works, no rust. She’s been kept very well. No oil leaks. New tires 5 months ago

Owner Reviews

accountCircle Alicia M on March 17, 2021
I have taken care of her and she has taken care of me throughout the years.
I love my car because I've had it forever. The only complaint I have is that she has recently been needing more work. But she is pretty old.
accountCircle Kelli H on March 15, 2021
The car is small and has a great get up and go.
I love the gas mileage it has for a full tank of gas. The size of the car is just right. The color of the car is my favorite. I do not like how my clear coat is coming off.
accountCircle Rebecca L on March 10, 2021
I have always liked Chevrolet the main thing I like is it always works.
It was a certified car most problems are from wear and tear. I get the oil changed regularly if you get a used car make sure it is certified. I got this car in 2005 and it still runs fairly well. I have a lot of miles on it over 100, 000. Went on a lot of vacations. We do not go any more the last one wore us out.
accountCircle Britney K on March 9, 2021
I don't like driving this car a lot. I would like a cuter car.
My check engine light is always on. It's not good looking on appearance. Has great speed and gas mileage.
accountCircle vickie k on March 6, 2021
It gets very good gas mileage, at 34 miles highway
I like the size of my car, the gas mileage I get and It's cute.
accountCircle Marie-louise P on February 28, 2021
Capable vehicle for around town driving.
We bought it used. We enjoy this capable sedan. However there are problems with the fuel injector. It has been replaced yet if you do not give it a moment to start it will not. So, you must turn the key and wait. It can be frustrating when you are in a hurry.
accountCircle Debbie J on February 22, 2021
It's old it is a beater but I love the car
I like it a lot but it is very small not a whole lot of room for everything
accountCircle Candice D on February 18, 2021
2003 Chevy cavalier: a great starter car for the young driver.
Mirrors and windows are manual, which can be frustrating, but overall the car drives well, has excellent brakes and comfortable seats.
accountCircle Michelle W on February 17, 2021
They should know my car is very dependable. It starts right off every time I start it.
I like that it is very dependable. I like that it gets great gas mileage.
accountCircle Greg M on February 14, 2021
It's tough and reliable, as are most Cavaliers. I wouldn't have had it any other way.
It's reliable. I bought it used at 30,000 miles and I've put 75,000 on it. It runs smooth and the biggest issue I've had is needing to replace the exhaust, but that is Winter use for you.
accountCircle Kaitlyn L on February 8, 2021
My car is great for gas mileage but not quite ideal for people with kids.
I like that it's great on gas. However, it's super compact and we can't really loud much in it. Also, there isn't AC in the back so we have to use something to funnel AC from the front ro the back for our kids because we live in Arizona where it's extremely hot all the time. It gets us from A to B with good mileage and that's about the only good thing. Its reliable.
accountCircle Lynn S on January 31, 2021
White 4 door Chevy cavalier.
My car currently has ignition problems. It also has hood damage and minor rust areas. It runs good and has been a reliable car for the past 10 years. I have the oil changed every few months and the interior is in pretty good shape. The are no tears in the interior. The dash is cracked and has a small piece missing. Overall the car is in okay condition.
accountCircle Susie A on January 18, 2021
Good gas mileage and around town car.
I Love the gas mileage that this older car gets. It is a bit small/tight trying to get 3 older kids in the backseat. It is shorter to the ground than I usually like. However mechanically I have had very few problems with it. The dashboard is starting to crumble, but that could be normal with its age.
accountCircle Cathy D on January 15, 2021
Fun to drive, sporty car. Great mpg.
No performance problems other than wear and tear, just normal older car issues. I love the gas mileage 25 to 27 mpg city and 35 to 37 mpg highway. I have the sports, I enjoy the sunroof pretty much year round. It is a small car with mid-size car room. I feel safe and the car has the get up and go for a 4 banger 2. 2 liter engine. I was to just one outer door skin and a repaint to have it redone completely. I love this car.
accountCircle Lindsey M on January 4, 2021
It's a crappy car, it's definitely a pocket pig.
I like that it's easy on gas, radio works, heater/ac works. I don't like how hard it is on gas or how it goes through tires so fast!
accountCircle mary L on December 30, 2020
Lasts a long time and still going strong
Love having a convertible. But since it is so old it is hard to get service and parts. It also breaks down often.
accountCircle Morgan T on December 19, 2020
Its a 2 door, with a really nice sunroof.
It's a good car. Runs great. Recently the switch for the window control broke. But it was an easy fix. The motor in our sunroof stopped working and the sunroof now wont close all the way and water leaks into our car really bad. But other than that no problems, or big ones at least.
accountCircle Jayna K on December 19, 2020
Chevy Cavalier 2003 great car!
Overall it's a very practical and reliable car. I've only had very minor issues with it and it's been super easy finding parts for it to fix.
accountCircle Amber P on December 19, 2020
It gets good gas mileage and the back seats fold down you can store a lot in it for long trips.
I love the size and reliability. It gets good gas mileage. I don't like the color or that it only has 2 doors.
accountCircle Alexis M on November 20, 2020
Very little maintenance required
This car is reliable. It's a bit old so it has some issues appearance wise, namely the clear coat is peeling. However for a 4 cylinder engine it drives really well. I bought it used 2 years ago, despite normal things such as tires, brakes, and oil, I have only had to replace the idler pulley once. Give the age of the car that's not a bad deal at all.
accountCircle Jeff howard J on November 19, 2020
Affordable and efficient. Cheap to maintain for the life of the vehicle.
It's a smaller vehicle but it runs great even after 16 years. Window switched are located below the shifter on center console which is weird sometimes off putting but you can get used to it. Parts are always available and relatively inexpensive. Great with gas econ as well
accountCircle Karen B on November 18, 2020
It gets good gas mileage and still runs after 160,000 miles.
I dislike the seats because they are uncomfortable when traveling long distances. I do like that even as old as it is, it still gets really good gas mileage. I also like that I haven't had to do much maintenance on it.
accountCircle Taylor B on November 11, 2020
Reliable and Speedy Race Car
No issues with performance, body is rusting but was bought that way. Good gas mileage. No cruise control and no AUX port but can use cigarette lighter port for an adapter. Comes with CD player. Automatic locks and windows.
accountCircle Jen A on November 9, 2020
Decent car. Not very appealing to the eyes, but does what it needs to do.
My car is very smooth driving car. It is not the most flattering to the eyes, but it gets the job done. The cavalier sips gas instead of chugs it as well, saving money in the gas department. Not many issues with my car at all.
accountCircle Amanda N on November 8, 2020
The most reliable car I've ever owned and still gets fantastic gas mileage.
I love my car. The only thing that makes me sad is that Chevy discontinued the car. But it runs as well today as the day I bought it.
accountCircle Joan A on November 2, 2020
Good small car for anyone
This is a great little car. It has had no major problems. It does have a major design flaw, though. The dash board area has cracked in several places. (Everyone that I know who owns this car has had the same problem.) It gets good gas mileage. Another problem is insurance is more expensive for it in my state because it is classified as a sports car.
accountCircle Mary R on November 1, 2020
I like it cause it is small,and good on gas ,and dependable.I really don't have any dislikes.
That it's good on gas.and that it starts every time
accountCircle Melinda D on October 25, 2020
Saves on gas. Built to last. Great to enjoy music in.
It's old and used so it isn't the best shape, but gas mileage is very awesome! It's small, very easy to use and cheap on parts.
accountCircle Angel L on October 11, 2020
Dark green. New battery and new tires. Brand new muffler. Tape deck. Four door.
The car is great. It runs fine being how old it is. There have been a couple problems along the way but the were cheap and quick fixes. As long as I get the regular check ups it should keep going for another 20 years. It is also great with gas. The one problem I have is the defroster on the back window is not working anymore. That's all through.
accountCircle Ron H on October 10, 2020
I love it as much as any other car have ever had in my life.
I'm getting read to turn the odometer over 200,000 miles with no engine problems.
accountCircle Wendy F on October 8, 2020
That it is reliable and easy to take care of problems on your own.
It is 15 years old but has maintained. I do have a problem with the AC unit where it only works with the car moving. I've had to replace the engine as well
accountCircle James B on October 3, 2020
2003 Chevrolet cavalier good reliable car.
This is a nice car it was a cheap car but its good on gas and the parts are very cheap. I didn't pay much for it you can find parts very easy. Its roomy it's a automatic but they make standards also. This is a good car for anyone even with a family small. Or large family it don't matter.
accountCircle Hannah M on September 26, 2020
The bumper is duct taped on. Also its very low to the ground so we can drive through mud
My car is red and the bumper is falling off. It pretty reliable.
accountCircle Jay V on September 24, 2020
Old but works. Have had minor issues. No accidents.
Reliable. Has lasted for over 10 years. No power locks or windows.
accountCircle Bonnie P on September 23, 2020
It gets good gas mileage.
I like that my car has not had to have too many major repairs and as old as it is it still runs good. I dislike that it has so many miles on it.
accountCircle Robert C on September 21, 2020
All fluids have been changed as per recommendations and Will go another 100,000
This particular Carlos has the very small 2.2 engine and is surprisingly very quick. The best part is the gas mileage and the little amount of money to film. Runs great and Justin passed 100,000 mi. Still going strong
accountCircle Natalie E on September 20, 2020
Chevy cavalier. Best car around because it just hit 100,000 miles.
This is the best car I have ever had. Minor issues but I take care of it! I'd highly recommend this car! I get the oil changed on a 3 month basis! The only bad thing with this car is that the windows do not open anymore. It is all electric so I need to buy a new battery for it in order for the windows to work again.
accountCircle Terrance P on September 18, 2020
Gas mileage is great , all that was added was a cold air intake
No problems, runs great for the year of the car , I get great gas mileage, very nice road trip car everything works , oil changes every 3000 miles
accountCircle Allen P on September 14, 2020
A sporty fun to drive car, dependable, with great gas mileage.
There has really been no significant problems with the car, it drives well, gets great gas mileage, is comfortable although it has fairly stiff suspension, the features are pretty standard, but it is peppy for a four cylinder car, all in all it is fun to drive and very dependable.
accountCircle Delenia H on September 2, 2020
Even tho it is an older car it still doesn't have 100000.
I like that It has cruise control and it is easy to drive. That it is easy to get repair work done and so far has not cost that much.
accountCircle Danielle C on August 31, 2020
The car is important itself.
Only two doors. Not enough trunk space. Also has mechanical issues including no driver window and a cracked windshield.
accountCircle Jeremy S on August 20, 2020
280000 miles and still rolling!
My Chevy cavalier has been for the most part very reliable. It has 280000 miles on it now with no major repairs need. The AC has been working this entire time with only one recharge. The gas mileage has also been reliable at 28 city and 30 highway. The original radio did not have a CD player or an aux cord, so it was upgraded. The speaker did not need upgrading as the bass was good.
accountCircle Alejandro H on August 11, 2020
I love how durable It is and how long it had lasted. I don't like how this model always has issues with AC. The mileage is great.
It's old but solid! Rough around the edges but always reliable.
accountCircle Harold C on August 8, 2020
It is and has been paid for many years. Cost benefit of keeping it is phenomenal. But it too will soon have to go.
Like the vehicle for Its economy. Hate it for having all the normal problems of a GM product. It has served well.
accountCircle Sam E on August 8, 2020
Is a sporty car and rides smooth and is reliable in all conditions.
Great car in great shape and have had it for a long time. 2 door and rides smooth. Do not like that it makes noises when driving. Would recommend this car to anyone. Sometimes engine light comes on when gas door is someone open and not completely closed.
accountCircle Samantha L on August 5, 2020
She gets good gas mileage, is sporty, and has a lot of trunk space.
It's been a very reliable vehicle, and is wearing well. My only complaint is lack of head room, and tiny cup holders that nothing fits in.
accountCircle Angela M on August 4, 2020
It is an okay vehicle if you do not have to do very much driving.
My car was bought used by a friend within the past year. He had bought it from an elderly woman that rarely drove the vehicle. Within the first 5 months of ownership at 70, 000 miles I had to have a major repair done on my engine. My muffler now has a hole in it and my steering is giving me some noise now.
accountCircle Trudy R on August 4, 2020
Gas pedal stays at 55 mph good without much work from your foot
It's good on gas, handles the road good. I really don't like the color but it hasn't needed to much in fixing costs
accountCircle Brenna G on July 30, 2020
It has two doors so sometimes space can be limited. Especially if your traveling
I dislike that it only has 2 doors. I like the silver color. The air conditioning could be better and I need more space.
accountCircle Marche C on July 26, 2020
Fun sporty car that's good on gas and has been very low maintenance
Very reliable, never had any major problems with it. Just regular maintenance. It's good on gas and sporty
avatar Gilbert Smith
Gilbert Smith is a New Mexico-based automotive journalist who enjoys writing about cars, trucks, and SUVs. He is a longtime contributor to Vehicle History and a member of the site's original content team when it launched.